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Sophocles (;〔Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary''. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.〕 , ''Sophoklēs'', ; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)〔Sommerstein (2002), p. 41.〕 is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: ''Ajax'', ''Antigone'', ''The Women of Trachis'', ''Oedipus the King'', ''Electra'', ''Philoctetes'' and ''Oedipus at Colonus''.〔''Suda'' (ed. Finkel ''et al.''): s.v. ().〕 For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most-fêted playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in 30 competitions, won 18, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 14 competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won 5 competitions.〔Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.〕 The most famous tragedies of Sophocles feature Oedipus and also Antigone: they are generally known as the Theban plays, although each play was actually a part of a different tetralogy, the other members of which are now lost. Sophocles influenced the development of the drama, most importantly by adding a third actor, thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot. He also developed his characters to a greater extent than earlier playwrights such as Aeschylus.〔Freeman, p. 247.〕 ==Life== Sophocles, the son of Sophilus, was a wealthy member of the rural ''deme'' (small community) of Colonus Hippius in Attica, which was to become a setting for one of his plays, and he was probably born there.〔〔Sommerstein (2007), p. xi.〕 Sophocles was born a few years before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC: the exact year is unclear, although 497/6 is the most likely.〔〔Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 7.〕 Sophocles was born into a wealthy family (his father was an armour manufacturer) and was highly educated. Sophocles' first artistic triumph was in 468 BC, when he took first prize in the Dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of Athenian drama, Aeschylus.〔〔Freeman, p. 246.〕 According to Plutarch, the victory came under unusual circumstances. Instead of following the usual custom of choosing judges by lot, the archon asked Cimon and the other ''strategoi'' present to decide the victor of the contest. Plutarch further contends that following this loss Aeschylus soon left for Sicily.〔''Life of Cimon'' 8. Plutarch is mistaken about Aeschylus' death during this trip; he went on to produce dramas in Athens for another decade.〕 Although Plutarch says that this was Sophocles' first production, it is now thought that his first production was probably in 470 BC.〔 ''Triptolemus'' was probably one of the plays that Sophocles presented at this festival.〔 In 480 BC Sophocles was chosen to lead the paean (a choral chant to a god), celebrating the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis.〔''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes, Volume 1'', ("Sophocles" ).〕 Early in his career, the politician Cimon might have been one of his patrons, although if he was, there was no ill will borne by Pericles, Cimon's rival, when Cimon was ostracized in 461 BC.〔 In 443/2 he served as one of the ''Hellenotamiai'', or treasurers of Athena, helping to manage the finances of the city during the political ascendancy of Pericles.〔 According to the ''Vita Sophoclis'', in 441 BC he was elected one of the ten generals, executive officials at Athens, as a junior colleague of Pericles, and he served in the Athenian campaign against Samos; he was supposed to have been elected to this position as the result of his production of ''Antigone''.〔Beer 2004, p. 69.〕 In 420 BC, he welcomed and set up an altar for the image of Asclepius at his house, when the deity was introduced to Athens. For this, he was given the posthumous epithet ''Dexion'' (receiver) by the Athenians.〔Clinton, Kevin "The Epidauria and the Arrival of Asclepius in Athens", in Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, Stockholm, 1994.〕 He was also elected, in 413 BC, one of the commissioners (''probouloi'') who responded to the catastrophic destruction of the Athenian expeditionary force in Sicily during the Peloponnesian War.〔Lloyd-Jones, pp. 12–13.〕 Sophocles died at the age of ninety or ninety-one in the winter of 406/5 BC, having seen within his lifetime both the Greek triumph in the Persian Wars and the bloodletting of the Peloponnesian War.〔 As with many famous men in classical antiquity, his death inspired a number of apocryphal stories. The most famous is the suggestion that he died from the strain of trying to recite a long sentence from his ''Antigone'' without pausing to take a breath. Another account suggests he choked while eating grapes at the Anthesteria festival in Athens. A third holds that he died of happiness after winning his final victory at the City Dionysia.〔Schultz 1835, pp. 150–1.〕 A few months later, a comic poet, in a play titled ''The Muses'', wrote this eulogy: "Blessed is Sophocles, who had a long life, was a man both happy and talented, and the writer of many good tragedies; and he ended his life well without suffering any misfortune."〔Lucas 1964, p. 128.〕 According to some accounts, however, his own sons tried to have him declared incompetent near the end of his life; he is said to have refuted their charge in court by reading from his as yet unproduced ''Oedipus at Colonus''.〔Cicero recounts this story in his ''De Senectute'' 7.22.〕 One of his sons, Iophon, and a grandson, also called Sophocles, also became playwrights.〔Sommerstein (2002), pp. 41–42.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sophocles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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